水稻穗型的遗传和育种改良

摘要

穗型是与水稻株型和产量密切相关的重要农艺性状,大穗型理想株型的创新已经成为今后水稻超高产育种的重要内容.简要介绍了水稻穗型的“穗直立程度、单穗粒数、单穗重和着粒密度”等六大类和19个亚类的分类；至少200多种水稻穗型突变体被创制、1386个水稻穗部QTL(涉及穗长、穗数、穗重、粒宽、每穗粒数、每穗结实率等多个性状)被定位,Dep1、Ghd7、Gn1a、Ipa1和GW2等16个穗型QTL已被成功克隆；综合评述了直立穗型、大穗型、重穗型和后期功能型的四个水稻穗型育种改良方向,及利用新克隆的穗型基因进行Gn1/sd1或Gn1/DEP1双基因聚合的分子育种策略.穗型研究的不断深入,将为今后大穗型的理想株型水稻、直立大穗型超级稻的高产分子育种提供更多的方法与思路.%Panicle type is one of the key agronomic traits closely related to plant types and yield, and the innovation of ideal plant architecture with large-panicle has been an important part of rice high yield breeding in the future. Six types and 19 sub-types of classification for panicle were reviewed, such as the degree of erect panicle type, grain number per panicle, weight per panicle, seed density and so on. So far, at least 200 kinds of panicle type mutants were obtained, 1386 QTLs forj rice panicle types (involving panicle length, panicle number, grain width, grain number per panicle, and seed setting rate) were identified. More than 16 panicle type-related QTLs including Depl , Ghd7 , Gnla , Ipal and GW2 were cloned. Four kinds of breeding improvement ways for erect panicle type, large-panicle-type, heavy panicle type and late-stage vigor type rice were emphatically reviewed, and molecular breeding strategies of double-gene polymerization were summarized such as Gnl /sdl or Gnl /DEP1 using new cloned panicle-type genes. The development of panicle-type research in rice will provide more methods and thoughts for ideal plant architecture with large-panicle and super rice with erect-large-panicle-type.