高氯酸铵的包覆降感与应用研究

摘要

为降低高氯酸铵（ AP）的感度，以石蜡（ wax）、热塑性聚氨酯（ TPU）等为钝感包覆剂对 AP 进行了表面包覆。通过接触角、表面能的测试验证了 wax及 TPU 等材料包覆 AP的可行性，用扫描电子显微镜（ SEM）、X 射线光电子能谱（ XPS）对包覆效果进行了表征，并测试和对比了 AP包覆前后的机械感度；研究了氧化剂 AP与黑索今（ RDX）间的耦合作用，探索研究了包覆 AP 在典型浇注高聚物粘结炸药（ PBX）中的应用前景。结果表明，wax可完整包覆 AP，使其撞击感度由100％降至4％，摩擦感度由100％降低到24％；用wax包覆 AP时，在非水介质Novec 7200中的包覆度比在AP饱和水溶液的好，撞击感度和摩擦感度降至0，降感作用更好。氧化剂 AP与 RDX间存在相互作用，可通过包覆钝感剂的方法减小或消除彼此之间的耦合作用；将包覆降感 AP 应用于典型浇注 PBX配方（仿 AFX-757）后，其摩擦感度由82％降至0％、慢速烤燃试验的爆响温度高出17℃、爆响时间增加14 min，显著提高了配方的安全性能。%The desensitizing technology of ammonium perchlorate( AP)was studied by coated with wax or themoplastic polyure-thane( TPU)as insensitive coating desensitizer. The feasibility study of AP coated by wax and TPU were proved through surface in-teraction. The coated samples were characterized by using SEM and XPS,and the mechanical sensitivity of AP samples before and after coating was measured and compared. The coupling relations between AP and explosive RDX were studied and the applica-tion of coated AP in typical cast PBX was investigated. Results show that AP may be entirely coated by wax and TPU,and the im-pact and friction sensitivity of AP coated by wax decrease significantly from 100% to 4%,from 100% to 24%,respectively. It in-dicates that AP is coated more entirely in non-aqueous media(Novec 7200)than in saturated water solution and the coated AP is insensitive which the impact and friction sensitivity fall to 0%. There are strong coupling relations between oxidizer AP and explo-sive RDX,but it can be reduced or diminished by the desensitizer. The safety of representative cast plastic bonded explosive can be significantly improved by using coated AP instead of uncoated AP,which friction sensitivity decreases significantly from 82% to 0,and the ignition temperature and time-to-explosive in slow cook-off increase 17 ℃ and 14 min,respectively.