超声引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘术治疗恶性肿瘤相关性肾积水289例

摘要

目的：探讨超声引导下经皮肾穿刺造瘘术（percutaneous nephrostomy，PCN）治疗恶性肿瘤相关性肾积水的方法和并发症。方法：收集2003年6月至2015年12月福建省立医院采用超声引导下PCN治疗恶性肿瘤相关性肾积水患者289例共342侧。97例肾功能不全患者行血液透析治疗4例。穿刺点常规选择后组中盏或下盏，9例侧穿刺前组中盏。采用一步法穿刺置入8F猪尾型造瘘管6例侧，采用Seldinger法置入14F球囊型造瘘管25例侧及开花型肾造瘘管258例311侧。结果：342侧PCN均无大出血及肠道、肝脏、脾脏、胸膜、肺损伤等并发症。2例侧猪尾型造瘘管术后1周内堵塞。7例侧球囊型肾造瘘管头端因置入输尿管上段内而导致引流不畅，3例侧球囊空虚和1例侧重度积水肾萎陷致造瘘管脱出。1例侧开花型肾造瘘管引流失败。8例侧前组中盏穿刺引流成功。81例肾功能不全患者的血清肌酐恢复正常，16例肾功能改善，均无需行后续透析治疗。结论：对恶性肿瘤相关性肾积水采用超声引导下PCN治疗是安全、有效的，经选择的病例穿刺前组盏不会增加并发症。对全身状况较差的患者可选择一步式猪尾型肾造瘘管，对预期寿命较长者或怀疑肾积水合并感染者推荐选择径粗的开花型肾造瘘管。%Objective:To investigate the methods and complications of ultrasound-guided percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) for treat-ing cancer-related hydronephrosis. Methods:From June 2003 to December 2015, 289 patients (342 kidneys) with cancer-related hy-dronephrosis were treated by ultrasound-guided PCN in Fujian Provincial Hospital. Among the 97 cases of renal insufficiency, 4 pa-tients were treated with hemodialysis before PCN. Except for the anterior mid calyx of nine kidneys in nine patients, the posterior mid or lower pole calyx of all other kidneys was punctured with ultrasound guidance. With the one-step PCN technique, 8F pigtail nephros-tomy tubes were placed into six kidneys in six patients;with the Seldinger PCN technique, 14F balloon and Malecot catheters were placed into 25 kidneys in 25 patients and 311 kidneys in 258 patients, respectively. Results:No severe bleeding and injury in the intes-tine, liver, spleen, pleura, or lung occurred. Two pigtail tubes were blocked one week after PCN. Seven balloon catheters failed to drain well because of the tip and balloon of the catheters located in the proximal part of the dilated ureters. Four balloons slipped out of the collection system of the kidney because of the auto-deflation of three balloons and one case of meager renal parenchyma failing to hold the balloon after a severe hydronephrosis was emptied. All, except 1, Malecot catheter drained well, and 8/9 PCNs through anteri-or mid calyx were successful. Serum creatinine levels were significantly decreased in all the 97 patients with renal insufficiency, of which 81 cases returned to normal, and no one needed persistent hemodialysis. Conclusion:Ultrasound-guided PCN is safe and effec-tive for treating cancer-related hydronephrosis. For appropriately selected patients, puncturing the anterior mid calyx may be an op-tion without additional complications. One-step pigtail nephrostomy tubes are recommended for patients with poor systemic condi-tions. For patients with long life expectancy or suspected complicated urinary infection, large sized Malecot catheters should be consid-ered.