关于永固陵的几个问题

摘要

Yongguling, mausoleum of Empress Dowager Feng of the Northern Wei dynasty, has been the interest of many scholars for its relics and format. Based on previous researches and field investigation, this paper focuses on the building stones, qinggunwa [青辊瓦] tiles and the layout of the mausoleum, and building stones mainly consist of white sandstone, aragonite, light gray granite, dark gray volcanic rock and Bafenggu black stone [八风谷黑石]. The aragonite came from Yecheng, Hebei province and similar stone has been excavated at the Baekje wanggung-ri site in Korea, which may have been imported from the Northern Wei considering the intimate communication between Baekje and Northern Wei in those days. Qinggun.wa as a tile-making technology in ancient China prevailed during the Pingcheng period in Northern Wei and was spread to the Ji' an and Pyongyang regions in Koguryo. In addition, the author concludes that Yongguling does not follow a tomb-and-temple layout. In fact, it is a combination of tomb (Yongguling), shrine (Yonggu stone chamber/Yonggutang) and temple (Siyuan Buddhist Temple).%永固陵作为北魏冯太后的陵墓，其出土遗物和墓葬形制成为诸多学者研究的对象。本文在前人研究及实地调查的基础上从陵园内石料、青辊瓦和陵园布局等方面探讨与永固陵相关的几个问题。陵园内的石料主要包括白色细粒砂岩、花色文石、浅灰色青石、深灰色火山岩及八凤谷黑石。其中花色文石来自邺城，百济王宫里遗址也出土了与永固陵类似的文石，联系到当时北魏与百济的交往，王宫里遗址出土文石可能来自北魏。青辊瓦技术是中国古代的一种制瓦技术，北魏平城时期曾经出现了大量青辊砖瓦，这一技术还东传至高句丽的集安地区和平壤地区。此外，本文通过对永固石室的重新认识，认为永固陵的布局特点不是陵寺二者一体，而是陵（永固陵）、庙（永固石室或永固堂）、寺（思远佛寺）三者为一体。