ICU老年患者多重耐药菌主动筛查情况及危险因素分析

摘要

目的:探讨重症医学科(ICU)老年患者发生多重耐药菌(MDROs)感染的危险因素,为MDROs防控措施的制订与实施提供参考.方法:选取2013年12月-2016年6月入住我院ICU的老年患者146例,收集其咽拭子、痰拭子和肛拭子标本各1份,进行耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)、产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌主动筛查,分析MDROs感染的危险因素以及病原菌分布和耐药情况.结果:146例患者送检的临床标本中,MRSA阳性咽拭子标本有34份,阳性率为23.3％;MRSA阳性痰拭子标本有30份,阳性卒为20.5％;产ESBLs菌阳性肛拭子标本有99份(含产ESBLs大肠埃希菌阳性标本50份和产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌阳性标本49份),阳性率为67.8％.咽拭子MRSA筛查阳性率与患者的性别、年龄、有无气管插管和机械通气均无关(P＞0.05),但与其ICU住院时间有关(P＜0.05);痰拭子MRSA筛查阳性率与患者的性别、有无气管插管和机械通气均无关,且肛拭子产ESBLs菌筛查阳性率与患者的性别无关(P＞0.05),但均与其年龄和ICU住院时间有关(P＜0.05);咽/痰拭子MRSA筛查阳性患者的纤支镜检查次数与阴性患者比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而肛拭子产ESBLs菌筛查阳性患者的灌肠次数、膀胱冲洗次数、导尿次数和留置尿管天数均显著多于阴性患者,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示,ICU住院时间为ICU老年患者咽拭子主动筛查阳性的危险因素[比值比(OR) =1.119,95％置信区间(CI)(1.071,1.385),P=0.021],年龄为痰拭子主动筛查阳性的危险因素[OR=1.893,95％CI(1.232,4.042),P=0.032],年龄和ICU住院时间为肛拭子主动筛查阳性的危险因素[OR分别为1.046、1.022,95％CI分别为(1.005,1.088)(1.006,3.283),P分别为0.027、0.031].共检出MDROs 163株,其中MRSA 64株,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌50株,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌49株,对含酶抑制剂复合制剂的耐药率普遍较高.结论:ICU老年患者MDROs主动筛查结果与其年龄、ICU住院时间、灌肠次数、膀胱冲洗次数、导尿次数、留置尿管天数等因素有关,且年龄、ICU住院时间是MDROs感染的危险因素.检出的病原菌以产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌为主,耐药情况较为严峻.对于MDROs感染的老年危重患者,临床应积极采取防控和干预措施,以预防和控制ICU MDROs的流行与传播.%OBJECTIVE:To investigate risk factors of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) infection in elderly patients of ICU,and to provide reference for formulation and implementation of MDROs prevention and control measures.METHODS:A total of 146 elderly patients were selected from ICU of our hospital during Dec.2013-Jun.2016.Throat swab,sputum swab and anal swab specimens (1 copy,respectively) were collected to conduct active screening of MRSA and ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae.Risk factors of MDROs infection,pathogen distribution and drug resistance were analyzed.RESULTS:Among samples of 146 patients,there were 34 MRSA positive samples in throat swab with positive rate of 23.3％;there were 30 MRSA positive samples in sputum swab with positive rate of 20.5％;there were 99 ESBLs-producing bacteria positive samples in anal swab (containing 50 ESBLs-producing Escherichia coli positive samples and 49 ESBLs-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae positive samples) with positive rate of 67.8％.The positive rate of throat swab MRSA screening was not correlated with patient's gender,age,tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation (P＞0.05),but it was related with hospitalization time in ICU (P＜0.05).The positive rate of sputum swab MRSA screening was not correlated with patient' s gender,tracheal intubation or mechanical ventilation;the positive rate of anal swab ESBLs-producing bacteria screening were not related with patient's gender(P＞0.05).But they were related with age and hospitalization time in ICU (P＜0.05).Compared with negative patients,there was no statistical significance in the times of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in throat/sputum swab MRSA screening positive patients (P＞0.05).The times of enema,the times of bladder irrigation,the times of urethral catheterization and the duration of indwelling catheter in anal swab ESBLs-producing bacteria screening positive patients were significantly more or longer than negative patients,with statistical significance (P＜0.05).Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that hospitalization time in ICU was risk factor of positive active screening of throat swab in elderly patients of ICU[OR=1.119,95 ％ CI (1.071,1.385),P=0.021];age was risk factor of positive active screening of sputum swab[OR=1.893,95 ％ CI (1.232,4.042),P=0.032];age and hospitalization time in ICU were risk factors of positive active screening of anal swab [OR were 1.046,1.022,95％CI were (1.005,1.088) (1.006,3.283),P were 0.027,0.031].A total of 163 strains of MDROs were detected,among which there were 64 strains of MRSA,50 strains of ESBLs-producing E.coli and 49 strains of ESBLs-producing K.pneumoniae.They were generally highly resistant to compound preparation containing enzyme inhibitors.CONCLUSIONS:The results of MDROs active screening in elderly patients of ICU are related with age,hospitalization time in ICU,the times of enema,the times of bladder irrigation,the times of urethral catheterization and the duration of indwelling catheter.Age and hospitalization time in ICU were risk factors of MDROs infection.The pathogens are mainly ESBLs-producing Enterobacteriaceae,and drug resistance is severe.For elderly critical patients with MDROs infection,clinical prevention and intervention measures should be taken to prevent and control the prevalence and spread of MDROs in ICU.