Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People’s Republic of China;
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Cardiology Tianjin Institute of Cardiology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300211 People’s Republic of China;
Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People’s Republic of China;
Second Department of Cardiology Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens Athens Greece;
Second Department of Cardiology Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens Athens Greece;
Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong Special Administrative Region People’s Republic of China;
Department of Cardiology First Affi liated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China;
Department of Cardiology First Affi liated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian China;
Division of Cardiology Kingston General Hospital Queen’s University Kingston Ontario Canada;
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Cardiology Tianjin Institute of Cardiology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300211 People’s Republic of ChinaDepartment of Cardiology First Affi liated Hospital of Dalian Medical University Dalian ChinaXiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian People’s Republic of China;
Aston Medical School Aston University Birmingham United Kingdom;
Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Cardiology Tianjin Institute of Cardiology Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University Tianjin 300211 People’s Republic of China;
Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian People’s Republic of China;
Atrial fibrillation; minimizing ventricular pacing; pacemaker;