双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培对甘肃中部坡耕地水土流失和作物产量的影响

摘要

在甘肃省榆中县黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的坡耕地,采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播(DRM)、全膜平铺覆盖(WM)、条膜(半膜)起垄覆盖(RM)、条膜(半膜)平铺覆盖(NM)、露地条播(CK)5个处理进行对比试验.结果表明,双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培具有良好的减少坡耕地土壤水土流失的作用,土壤流失量分别较露地条播、条膜起垄、条膜平铺、全膜平铺下降了56.07％、67.24％、71.59％、82.47％；作物产量大幅度提高,玉米产量分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺增产46.76％和58.07％,蚕豆产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产46.52％、54.99％和102.96％,马铃薯产量分别比条膜起垄、条膜平铺和对照增产95.21％、76.30％和74.89％.玉米的水分生产率分别比半膜垄作和半膜平铺提高4.77 kg/(mm·hm2)和9.47 kg/(mm·hm2),蚕豆的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高3.24、6.58 kg/(mm· hm2)和5.03 kg/(mm·hm2),马铃薯的水分生产率比半膜垄作、半膜平铺和露地对照提高47.35、42.02、41.57 kg/(mm·hm2).黄土高原丘陵沟壑半干旱雨养农业区坡耕地采用双垄全膜覆盖沟播栽培,具有良好的减少土壤水土流失的作用,能够最大限度地集蓄天然降水,加之其明显的增温保温作用,可大幅度地提高作物产量,降水生产率显著提高.%The soil erosion and crop yield as affected by various mulching practices were studied on the sloping field of hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau in Yuzhong County of Cansu Province. Five regimes were set up: (1) Double ridges and furrows mulched by one film (DRM); (2) Flat plot all mulched with film (WM); (3) Alternating ridges and furrows, only the ridges mulched with film (RM) ; (4) Alternating mulched row and bare without ridge (NM); (5) Flat plot without mulch (CK). The results show that the DCM treatment is an effective method for decreasing soil erosion, and the soil erosion was lower in DRM than in CK, RM, NM and WM by 56.07% , 67.24% , 71.59% and 82.47% . The yield of maize is higher in DRM than in RM and NW by 46.76% and 58.07% . The yield of broad bean is higher in DRM than in RM, NW and CK by 46.52% , 54.99% and 102.96% . The yield of potato is higher in DRM than in RM, NW and CK by 95.21%, 76.30% and 74.89% . The water use efficiency ( WUE) of maize is higher in DRM than in RM and NW by 4.77 kg/(mm·hm2) and 9.47 kg/(mm·hm2) . The WUE of broad bean is higher in DRM than in RM, NW and CK by 3.24, 6.58 kg/(mm·hm2) and 5.03 kg/(mm·hm2). The WUE of potato is higher in DRM than in RM, NW and CK by 47.35, 42.02 kg/(mm·hm2) and 41.57 kg/(mm·hm2) . The DRM treatment is an effec-tive method for decreasing erosion, harvesting rainfall, increasing soil temperature and improving crop yields and WUE on the sloping field of hilly-gully region on the Loess Plateau in the rainfed farming of the semiarid region.