改善金属增材制造材料组织与力学性能的方法与技术

摘要

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) technology has been developed rapidly in aerospace, ship building, automobile manufacturing and bio-medical industries. However, MAM technology is characterised by a number of issues that are slowing its wider implementation. The peculiar microstructure of MAM components leads to anisotropy, the com-ponents are affected by residual stresses and distortion during MAM, and also it is easy to produce cracks and holes. There-fore, this paper mainly introduces several methods and techniques for improving the microstructure and performance of metal additively manufactured materials, such as optimization of process parameters, post-treatment, particles introduction, ultrasonic interference technique, ultrasonic impact treatment, rolling and ultrasonic micro-forging technique.%金属增材制造技术在航空航天、船舶工业、汽车制造、生物医疗等行业得到快速发展.然而增材制造过程中存在的几个问题减缓了该技术的广泛应用.其中,增材制造材料内部的特殊组织使其存在明显的各向异性,增材制造构件内较大的残余应力导致材料的变形和开裂以及材料内部容易产生裂纹和孔洞.主要介绍几种改善金属增材制造材料内部组织和性能的方法和技术,包括工艺参数的优化、后处理技术、颗粒引入、超声干扰技术、超声冲击技术、滚压轧制技术和超声微锻造技术.