变化环境下河流健康评价研究进展

摘要

全球以温度升高为主要特征的气候变化耦合人类活动影响,造成了全球性变化环境背景下大范围的水资源危机、水环境污染和水生态退化问题,威胁河流健康,已成为当今世界各国急需解决的难题.针对变化环境背景,分别从河流健康的概念和内涵、河流健康评价的内容、方法及应用等方面,评述近年来国内外河流健康评价的研究进展.将河流健康定义为,特定时期一定的社会公众价值体系下,在保障河流自身基本生存需求的前提下,能够持续地为人类社会提供高效合理的生态服务功能,并实现服务功能综合价值最大化.在前人研究基础上,指出变化环境下河流健康评价研究存在的主要问题,如河流健康概念及内涵仍存在争议,河流健康变化的驱动机制尚不明确,河流健康评价的理论及方法有待完善,河流健康评价实践滞后及评价结果未能有效指导河流管理等.提出变化环境下河流健康评价的发展趋势:以流域为基本空间尺度结合多时间尺度开展河流健康评价与调控研究,因地制宜开展河流健康评价指标体系及评价标准研究,开展基于3S等技术的河流健康评价研究,建立长期且全面的河流健康监测网络,科学界定河流健康的“基准点”,以及开展河流健康评价与水资源调控的集成研究等.%Global climate change is mainly manifested by the temperature increase due to the impact of human activities.In global environmental scale,it is the main cause of water resources crises,water pollution and ecological degradation issues that threaten river health and it has become a critical issue that must be solved for many countries around the world.By focusing on the background of changing environments,this paper discusses the progress and achievements in the studies on the evaluation of rivers' health both domestic and abroad for the past few years.The reviewing aspects include the definition and the contents of river health,methods and applications of health evaluation.Under a certain social public value system at a specific time,river health can be definedas the ability to sustainably provide the neighboring populations with high environmental standards and the achievement of maximum added value from its exploitation with the prerequisite of maintaining the river's own fundamental ecological requirements.Based on previous studies,the major problems of river health evaluation under changing conditions were highlighted.For example,the definition and connotation of river health are still under debate and the driving mechanism of river health variation remains unclear.Also,further improvement is required for the theory and methodology of river health evaluation and finally the practice of river health evaluation is delayed and the evaluation results cannot be applied in river management effectively.It is recommended to follow the trend of development for river health evaluation in changing environments,which mainly focuses on the studies of river health evaluation and regulation at watershed scales combined with multiple temporal scales.It is also proposed to conduct research on the evaluation indicator system and the evaluation standard of river health according to local conditions.Research on river health evaluation using technologies such as 3S,construction of a long-term and comprehensive river health monitoring network,defining the "reference points" for river health in a scientific manner and integrated research on river health evaluation and water resources regulation should be carried out.