稻麦轮作体系农田养分循环与养分管理综述

摘要

This paper summarizes the nutrient cycling and nutrient management in rice -wheat rotation farmland .Nutrition up-take by crop is an important aspect of nutrient cycling in rice -wheat rotation farmland , and it is also the base of nutrient manage-ment.The important periods of nutrition losing are the several days after fertilization and some days between rice -wheat rotation , and rainfall promotes the loss of nutrition .The deficiency of potassium application is an important factor affecting the yields of rice and wheat in most areas , and increasing the application rate of potassium fertilizer , green manure or organic manure is an important measure for the supplement of potassium .The effect of fertilizer on wheat growth is greater than that on rice growth .Environmental nutrition is also an important constituent part in farmland nutrition , and it should be considered in the decision of fertilization .The excess fertilization will lead to the marked decrease in fertilizer use efficiency , and properly decreasing the traditional application rate of fertilizer is economic in practice .The important measures for the optimization of fertilization structure include the combined application of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer , the application of green manure , returning the straw to farmland , and apply-ing fertilizer based on the rule of nutrition uptake by crops .The future researches should be focused on the nutrient management techniques for rice-wheat rotation farmland and their application .%从稻麦农田养分循环和养分管理2个方面对稻麦轮作进行了综述。结果表明：作物吸收养分是稻麦农田养分循环的重要方面，也是养分管理的基础。施肥后几天内和稻麦轮作间隙是养分流失的重要时期，降水对养分流失起到促进作用。大部分地区钾素投入不足成为影响稻麦产量的重要原因，而增加钾肥、绿肥或有机肥是补充钾素的重要措施。小麦对肥料的依赖程度大于水稻。环境养分也是农田养分中的重要组成部分，在施肥决策中应予以考虑。过量施肥将导致肥料利用率明显下降，适当减少当前习惯肥料用量在生产上是经济的，有机无机配施、绿肥、秸秆还田、基于作物养分吸收规律施肥等都是优化施肥结构的重要措施。在今后，应着重研究绿肥、秸秆还田、新型肥料、保护性耕作在稻麦轮作中的养分管理技术与应用。