氮磷钾在冬小麦上的产量效应与养分平衡

摘要

通过田间试验,研究氮、磷、钾在冬小麦上的产量效应、土壤供氮、磷、钾能力以及土壤氮、磷、钾收支平衡状况.结果表明,与不施肥处理比较,施肥明显促进冬小麦各生育期的生长发育,最终形成对产量的影响.与-N(不施氮),-P(不施磷)处理比较,NPK处理(施氮、磷肥)分别增产10.7％,5.4％,差异达到显著水平.土壤供氮、磷、钾的能力分别为89.3％,84.6％,96.6％.1/2N、1/2P、1/2K处理的产量分别相当于NPK处理的96.2％,98.1％,97.4％,各处理间产量无显著变化.NPK处理的氮磷钾籽粒表观利用率分别为16.4％,10.9％,7.4％,氮磷钾回收率(表观利用率)分别为24.6％,17.1％,41.0％；氮磷钾用量减半,籽粒利用率分别为25.1％,15.2％,6.3％,氮磷钾回收率分别为31.6％,26.0％,49.1％,各处理产量高低顺序为:NPK＞ 1/2P,1/2K＞-K,1/2N＞-N,-P＞对照.冬小麦高产的土壤养分限制因子N,P＞K.依据氮磷钾肥产量效应和土壤氮、磷、钾平衡状况提出氮磷钾(N,P2O5,K2O)推荐用量分别为202.5 ～ 216,27～54,0～18 kg/hm2.%Yield responses of winter wheat to N , P, K fertilizer as well as the supply capacities and surpluses of soil N,P and K were studied in this paper. The results showed that, compared with the CK, fertilization stimulated all growth periods of winter wheat and thus affected the yield of winter wheat. In contrast to the N and P treatments, the NPK treatment increased the seed yield significantly by 10.7% and 15.4% (P <0.05) ,respectively,and the corresponding supply capacites of soil N,P and K was 89. 3% ,84. 6% and 96. 6% , respectively. The yields of 1/2N,1/2P,1/2K treatments were 96. 2% ,98. 1% and 97. 4% of the NPK treatment, in which no significant difference among these treatments were found. In the NPK treatment, the N,P and K uptakes by wheat grains accounted for 16.4% ,10.9% and 7.4% of the respective fertilization rates,and the recovery efficiencies of N,P and K was 24.6% ,17. 1% and 41.0% , respectively. While in the 1/2N, 1/2P, 1/2K treatments, the N,P and K uptakes by wheat grains accounted for 25. 1% ,15.2% and 6. 3% of the respective fertilization rates,and the N,P and K recovery efficiencies were 31. 6% ,26. 0% and 49. 1% , respectively. The yields of treatments was in an order; NPK > 1/2P, 1/2K > - K, 1/2N > - N, - P > CK. Therefore, the nutrient limiting factors in the studied soil were in an order of N, P > K. Based on the yield responses and nutrient balance in this study, the N , P and K fertilizer rates of 202.5 -216 kg/ha,27 -54 kg/ha and 0-18 kg/ha were recommended for winter wheat production.