包膜掺混肥对苹果园土壤养分、果实产量和品质的影响

摘要

旨在探讨苹果园中包膜掺混肥的合理施用,为果品绿色生产提供依据.通过连续5 a定点定位施肥跟踪调查试验,研究包膜掺混肥对‘富士’苹果园土壤养分、叶片营养及果实品质和产量的影响.结果表明,施用BBF1(20-10-15)和BBF2(24-6-15)2种包膜掺混肥均明显增加春季土壤速效磷及钾的质量分数;在苹果生长后期(秋季)可维持较高且稳定的养分质量分数,其中施用BBF1效果更明显.施用包膜掺混肥提高叶片氮、磷和钾的质量分数,1 a中叶片养分质量分数均能维持较高水平.2种包膜掺混肥处理的单株产量连续5 a均比对照明显提高,平均增产率分别为29.7％和39.9％.施用包膜掺混肥的果实中挥发物质种类比对照减少,但具有特殊苹果香味的酯类物质如2-甲基丁酸乙酯、丁酸乙酯、2-甲基戊醇乙酸酯、己酸乙酯等的相对质量分数明显增加,醛类和烷类等物质未检出,醇类物质下降;包膜掺混肥明显提高果实的单果质量并促进果实着色;BBF1处理的果实中酯类相对质量分数最高,其香味更浓,果实着色更好.包膜掺混肥1次施用能满足苹果树1a的养分需求,利于产量提高,促进果实着色及增加果实特殊香味等.%The study aimes to provide the basis for green fruit production by reasonable application of blending coated fertilizer on apple orchard.We studied effect of the blending coated fertilizer on apple yields,fruit quality,nutrient mass fraction of apple leaves and nutrient mass fraction in the soil of apple orchard by applying blending coated fertilizer with fixed positioning in the last 5 years.The results showed that the mass fraction of available P and K in spring soil obviously increased,and these kept higher N,P and K mass fraction in'Fuji'apple leaves during the growth stages,and the available nutrition mass fraction in soil kept higher and stable in the later period of apple growth with application of the blending coated fertilizer.It had better result with application of BBF1.The yield of single plant increased 29.7％ and 39.9％ respectively under the two treatments of the blending coated fertilizer in the 5-years.Under the treatment of the blending coated fertilizer,volatile substances in'Fuji'apple obviously decreased,however,the relative mass fraction of the volatile compounds with special apple fruit aroma such as butanoic acid,2-methyl-,ethyl ester,butanoic acid,ethyl ester,1-pentanol,2-methyl-,acetate,and hexanoic acid,ethyl ester et al were increased.Meanwhile,the alcohol substance decreased,the aldehyde and alkane substances had not been detected.The mass of single fruit and the cyanidin content of peel increased.By application of the BBF1,the'Fuji'apple fruit had more esters and more apple aroma,and the color of the apple fruit peel was reder.The nutrient requirement of the apple trees were ensured by applying the blending coated fertilizer only once in spring,and the yield,apple fruit color and aroma increased.