不同种植模式下施肥对马铃薯产量和水肥利用效率的影响

摘要

在覆膜栽培方式下,如何优化养分管理措施是目前旱作区马铃薯生产急需突破的瓶颈.为了实施水肥的高效管理,通过大田试验研究不同集雨种植模式(F0:露地垄作;F1:全膜覆盖双垄垄播;F2:全膜覆盖双垄沟播)下施肥(N0:不施肥;N1:配方施肥;N2:农民习惯施肥)对马铃薯干物质积累、块茎产量和水肥利用效率的影响,以期明确马铃薯增产增效的最佳种植模式及与之配套的施肥水平.结果表明:全膜覆盖双垄种植和施肥处理可以明显提高马铃薯全生育期的干物质积累量,其中F2N1处理对块茎膨大期的块茎干物质积累量影响最大,而在淀粉积累期和成熟期以F1N1处理的块茎干物质积累量最大,比F2N1处理增加了5.59％和2.88％,差异显著(P＜0.05).可见,相比沟播种植而言,马铃薯垄上种植更有利于根系的生长和块茎的膨大.不同覆膜栽培方式下施肥处理的马铃薯块茎产量和水分利用效率均以F1N1处理的最高,F2N1处理的次之,分别比F0N1处理显著增加了40.26％和34.10％、16.33％和14.77％o,但F1N1与F2N1处理之间差异不显著(P＞0.05).不同处理的马铃薯肥料利用效率表现为氮素农学效率和氮素偏生产力以F1N2最高,而与其他处理相比,F1N1处理的磷、钾素农学效率显著增加了0.21～6.68倍和0.21～3.47倍,且磷、钾素偏生产力的增幅达0.05～0.91倍和0.05～0.40倍.这表明F1N1不仅可以协同增加马铃薯的块茎产量和水肥利用效率,还促进了磷、钾素农学效率和偏生产力的提高.综上所述,F1N1处理更有利于实现马铃薯增产和水肥高效利用,是半干旱区马铃薯增产增效的最佳覆膜种植模式和施肥水平.%To optimize nutrient management under the mulch cultivation is the bottleneck of potato production in dry farming area at present.In order to implement the efficient management of water and fertilizer,the field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different rainfall harvesting planting modes (F0,ridge culture of open field;F1,completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with ridge planting;F2,completely mulched alternating narrow and wide ridges with furrow planting) and fertilizer application rates (N0,no fertilizer;N1,formula fertilization;N2,regular fertilization) on dry matter accumulation,tuber yield,water and fertilizer use efficiency of potato.The results showed that the dry matter accumulation during the whole growth period was obviously improved under the condition of full film mulching double ridge planting and fertilizer application.In addition,the F2N1 treatment resulted in the largest dry matter accumulation of tuber at tuber expansion stage,and F1N1 treatment had the largest dry matter accumulation of tuber at the starch accumulation and maturity ripping stage,which was increased by 5.59％ and 2.88％ respectively compared with the F2N1 treatment (P＜0.05).It was assumed that potato ridge planting was more conducive to root growth and tuber expansion in contrast with furrow planting.However,under the fertilization with different mulching cultivation modes,the tuber yield and water use efficiency was the highest in F1N1 and then F2N1,40.26％ and 34.10％,16.33％ and 14.77％ higher compared with F0N1,respectively.There was no significant difference between F1N1 and F2N1 treatment (P＞0.05).The fertilizer use efficiency of potato under the different treatments showed that agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of nitrogen were the highest in F1N2.Compared with the other treatments,the phosphorus and potassium agronomic efficiency in F1N1 were markedly increased 0.21-6.68 times and 0.21-3.47 times,while the partial productivity of phosphorus and potassium were enhanced by 0.05-0.91 times and 0.05-0.40 times,respectively.These results indicated that F1N1 could not only increase tuber yield of potato,water and fertilizer use efficiency,but also promote the agronomic efficiency and partial productivity of phosphorus and potassium.To sum up,under the experimental conditions,F1N1 treatment was more conducive to potato growth and efficient use of water and fertilizer,which was the best film mulching planting mode and fertilizer level of potato production in semiarid area.