Mankind has depended on donkeys (Equus asinus) for thousands of years. Donkeys have helped farming communities cultivate land, harvest crops, and transport goods to the markets. To the present day, the "beast of burden" is still being relied upon as a major source of traction in many developing countries such as Mali, West Africa. These animals are able to live and work in regions of the world where food and water are often scarce. The welfare and management of donkeys in both industrialized nations and developing countries is often ignored. Donkeys in countries such as the United States are often faced with obesity and little physical exercise, while donkeys in places like Mali are faced with low body conditions and are overloaded and overworked. Problems encountered in either scenario could be addressed with pro-active management techniques. For example, training methods used to train donkeys to drive are often too harsh, leading to lesions and decreased longevity. Gentler training methods are available and can be equally, if not more, effective and will enhance donkey welfare.;A survey conducted by Diana et al. (2007) indicated that most donkeys in Mali were subjected to poor working conditions. The productive life expectancy of a donkey in Mali is on average about 2 years. Since a donkey can be purchased for ;This research has taken an instructional approach to studying improved training, harnessing, and nutritional management for donkeys in both the United States and in Mali. The management tools and techniques were shared with other professionals such as veterinarians, technicians and secondary and college students at agricultural institutions in Mali, so that they can eventually transfer this knowledge to donkey owners in the field. Informative articles and seminars have also been published in the United States on donkey behavior, metabolic conditions, and improved training and management techniques.
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