Microwave-assisted Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Inorganic Nanostructured Materials.

摘要

Inorganic nanostrucured materials have attracted much attention owing to their unique features and important applications in biomedicine. This thesis describes the development of rapid and efficient approaches to synthesize inorganic nanostructures, and introduces some potential applications.;Magnetic nanostructures, such as necklace-like FeNi3 magnetic nanochains and magnetite nanoclusters, were synthesized by an efficient microwave-hydrothermal process. They were used as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents. Magnetic FeNi3 nanochains were synthesized by reducing iron(III) acetylacetonate and nickel(II) acetylacetonate with hydrazine in ethylene glycol solution without any template under microwave irradiation. This was a rapid and economical route based on an efficient microwave-hydrothermal process which significantly shortened the synthesis time to mins. The morphologies and size of the materials could be effectively controlled by adjusting the reaction conditions, such as, the reaction time, temperature and concentrations of reactants. The morphology and composition of the as-prepared products were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The size of the aligned nanospheres in the magnetic FeNi 3 chains could be adjusted from 150nm to 550nm by increasing the amounts of the precursors. Magnetic measurements revealed that the FeNi3 nanochains showed enhanced coercivity and saturation magnetization. Toxicity tests by exposure of FeNi3 nanochains to the zebrafish larvae showed that the as-prepared nanochains were biocompatible. In vitro magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirms the effectiveness of the FeNi 3 nanochains as sensitive MRI probes. Magnetite nanoclusters were synthesized by reducing iron(III) acetylacetonate with hydrazine in ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. The nanoclusters showed enhanced T2 relaxivity. In vitro and in vivo MRI confirmed the effectiveness of the magnetite nanoclusters as sensitive MRI probes. We also investigated the biodistribution of the nanoclusters in rat liver and spleen.;Bifunctional mesoporous core/shell Ag FeNi3 nanospheres were synthesized by reducing iron(III) chloride, nickel(II) chloride and silver nitrate with hydrazine in ethylene glycol under microwave irradiation. The efficient microwave-hydrothermal process significantly shortened the synthesis time to one minute. The toxicity of Ag FeNi3 nanospheres were tested by exposing to zebrafish, they were less toxic than silver nanoparticles. In vitro MRI confirmed the effectiveness of the Ag FeNi3 nanospheres as sensitive MRI probes. The interaction of Rhodamine Band nanospheres showed greatly enhanced fluorescence over the FeNi3 nanoparticles.;A series of interesting core/shell silver/phenol formaldehyde resin (PFR) nano/microstructures were also synthesized through an efficient microwave process by self-assembly growth. Various morphologies, including monodispersed nanospheres, nanocables, and microcages were obtained by changing the fundamental experimental parameters, such as the reaction time and the surfactants (Pluronic P123 or CTAB). The results indicated that the presence of triblock copolymer Pluronic P123 would result in hollow silver/PFR microcages, while CTAB would prefer the formation of ultralong silver/PFR coaxial nanocables. In the absence of surfactants, monodispersed core/shell silver/PFR nanospheres could be obtained. The size of the nanospheres can be controlled in the range of 110 to 450 nm by changing the molar ratio of reagents (phenol:hexamine). The morphology and composition of the as-prepared products were characterized. The formation mechanism of the products was discussed based on the obtained results.;Finally, a series of ZnO microarchitectures including monodispersed spindles, branches, flowers, paddies, and sphere-like clusters were prepared by an efficient microwave-hydrothermal process. The ZnO mophologies could be effectively controlled by changing the reaction conditions such as the reaction temperature, the reactant concentrations and the solvent system. Simple microspindles, interesting flowers and paddies could be obtained in the presence of hexamine, and the more attractive sphere-like clusters could be synthesized by introducing phenol. The formation mechanisms of different morphologies are discussed in detail. These interesting ZnO structures may have potential applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices.