The purpose of this study was to investigate the constraints that non-traditional users face, along with the negotiation strategies that are employed in order to start, continue or increase participation when trying to recreate on a national forest. Non-traditional users were defined as respondents who were not Caucasian. Additionally, both constraints and negotiation strategies were examined to see if they predict participation for non-traditional users.; The study took place on the Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest in Washington, during the summer of 2005. A quantitative survey method was used, with a total of 235 surveys collected. The results showed that over half of the respondents were non-traditional users.; The findings of the study suggest that non-traditional users were more constrained than traditional respondents. A majority of the significant constraints items were found in the structural domain, which are constraints items that can be influenced or changed by forest managers. Items related to information and awareness were significantly more constraining for non-traditional users along with cultural reasons. Although non-traditional users perceived more constraints than traditional users, the same results were not evident for the negotiation strategies. Overall, traditional users employed more strategies than non-traditional users.; A series of logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine how well the constraints and negotiation items predict recreation participation. Overall, the constraints items were better predictors of recreation participation, with three items accounting for 19% of the variance. Negotiation strategies were less of a predictor of participation only accounting for 5% of the variance.
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