从《傲慢与偏见》中的言语反讽看乔拉的反讽理论

摘要

本文以语言学家乔拉(Giora)的反讽理论为框架，以英国著名作家奥斯汀(Austen)的小说《傲慢与偏见》为文本，分析该小说中的言语反讽现象，对乔拉反讽理论的描述力及解释力进行探讨，从而对乔拉的反讽理论以及对反讽现象本身有更详尽、深入的了解。 通过对乔拉的反讽理论与格赖斯(Grice)等人提出的经典语用模式的比较分析，指出，建立在经典模式基础之上的乔拉的反讽理论，凭借其独创的反讽观点——“反讽是一种间接否定”，“消极反讽中否定充当缓和剂”，“显著性假设”以及“表面意思在整个理解过程中发挥作用”等发展了经典语用模式，从而引出对乔拉的反讽理论进行深入探讨的必要性。在此基础之上，运用乔拉反讽理论框架下的主要观点来分析《傲慢与偏见》中的言语反讽实例，进而讨论乔拉的反讽理论在解释反讽及其理解上的优势与不足。 本文得出结论：乔拉的反讽理论在一定程度上弥补了经典模式在解释反讽理解时的不足，发展了经典模式，并且对反讽的理论研究做出了贡献。“消极反讽中否定充当缓和剂”以及“表面意思在整个理解过程中发挥作用”的观点，合理地解释了经典理论从未涉及的反讽度。但是，乔拉反讽理论的描述力及解释力是有限的，仍需补充和完善。乔拉的反讽理论尚未能解决经典模式遗留下来的问题——如何区分反讽和隐喻，同时自身还存在着不足之处：“间接否定”概念模糊；“显著性假设”只能解释部分的反讽实例；对语境在反讽理解中的作用、反讽所表达的态度和反讽的语用功能等方面的讨论尚不足。最后，文章指出：由于乔拉的反讽理论存在着局限性，反讽现象本身又十分复杂，因而，有必要将乔拉的反讽理论与其他学者的反讽理论相结合，从而形成对反讽现象更全面、更深刻的理论认识。

目录

文摘

英文文摘

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background

1.2 Purpose and Main Idea

1.3 Organization

Chapter 2 Studies on Irony

2.1 History of Irony

2.2 Classifications of Irony

2.3 Definitions of Verbal Irony

2.4 Identification of Verbal Irony

2.5 Summary

Chapter 3 Standard Pragmatic Model

3.1 Grice's Irony Theory

3.1.1 Irony as a Flouting of Quality Maxim

3.1.2 Two Stages Involved in Irony Comprehension

3.1.3 Attitudes Conveyed in Irony

3.1.4 Criticism of Grice's Irony Theory

3.2 Searle's Irony Theory

3.2.1 Ironical Meaning as Utterance Meaning

3.2.2 Difference Between Processing Irony and Metaphor

3.2.3 Criticism of Searle's Irony Theory

3.3 Leech's Irony Theory

3.3.1 Irony as a Way to be Polite

3.3.2 Irony Principle

3.3.3 Criticism of Leech's Irony Theory

Chapter 4 Giora's Irony Theory

4.1 Irony as Indirect Negation

4.1.1 Negation Involved in Previous Studies of Irony

4.1.2 Giora's Indirect Negation View of Irony

4.2 Negation as Mitigation in Negative Ironies

4.3 Two-stage Process of Irony Comprehension

4.3.1 Two Meanings in Irony

4.3.2 Salience Hypothesis

4.3.3 Role of Explicit Meaning in Processing

4.4 Significance of Giora's Irony Theory

Chapter 5 Analysis of Verbal Ironies in Pride and Prejudice

5.1 Application of Indirect Negation

5.2 Application of Negation as Mitigation in Negative Ironies

5.3 Application of Comprehending Process

5.3.1 Application of Salience Hypothesis

5.3.2 Application of Two-stage Processing

5.4 Summary

Chapter 6 Discussion

6.1 Strengths of Giora's Irony Theory

6.1.1 More Explanatory Power of Negation as Mitigation

6.1.2 New Look on the Role of Literal Meaning in Processing

6.2 Weaknesses of Giora's Theory

6.2.1 Vague Concept of Indirect Negation

6.2.2 Limited Explanatory Power of Salience Hypothesis

6.2.3 Insufficient Discussions on the Function of Context

6.2.4 Few Explanations About Attitudes Conveyed

6.2.5 Lack of Exploration of Pragmatic Functions

6.2.6 No Proposal of Distinguishing Irony From Metaphor

6.3 Extended Study

6.3.1 Easiness of Perception

6.3.2 Degree of Ironicity

Chapter 7 Conclusion

7.1 Status of Giora's Irony Theory

7.2 Descriptive and Explanatory Power of Giora's Irony Theory

7.3 Limitations of the Current Study and Suggestions for Further Investigation

References

Publication

Acknowledgements

研究生履历