英汉给予类动词的概念化特点和句法表现

摘要

不同语言的概念化的方式不同，会影响到有关词语的句法表现形式。在所有的词类中，动词概念化的方式对句子结构影响很大，而且还会导致其语法化的差异。本文以英汉“给予”类动词为例，来说明概念化特点对句法的影响。 概念化有两种不同的类型：对某类现象的认知结果一般反映为语言中的单个词语，而事件结构的认知结果则可能反映为一种语言结构。本文考察的重点之一为“给予”类动词常出现的双宾结构的语法功能差别的概念化原因。英汉双宾结构的意义与两种语言对物体传递动作行为的概念化过程存在平行的差别，这表明句法结构意义的形成与词语的概念化之间有着密切的联系。从历时的角度看，两种语言的有关动词由于所处的句法环境不同，结果会影响其语法化的进程。探讨语法化的动因离不开语言使用的环境，这方面的研究已经比较充分。但是关于词语使用频率对语法化可能造成的影响，还关注得不够，目前系统的论述还比较少。本文从这一点入手，以具体的语言材料来证明频率是诱发一个语法化过程的重要因素，并进而制约语法化进程。 以往的语言对比研究以两种语言现象做横向比较的居多，这种方法有时侯是不利于我们发现隐藏在语言现象背后的规律的。本文从跨语言的类型学角度出发，借助已有的国内外研究成果，考察了汉语中“给”向相关句法标记演化这一现象背后所具有的人类语言的共性。另外，汉语的类型学历来主张重视对方言的考察，本文对汉语方言中“给予”类动词的调查也从侧面反映了一个民族的概念化方式往往是成系统的、是有规律可循的。

目录

文摘

英文文摘

声明

Introduction

Chapter One Literature Review

1.1 Conceptualization and Grammar

1.2 Research on Syntactic Level

1.2.1 Traditional Grammar

1.2.2 Cognitive Linguistics

1.2.3Research from Other Perspectives

1.3 Research on Lexical Item and Syntactic Marker

Chapter Two Theoretical Foundation

2.1 Conceptualization

2.2 Grammaticalization

2.2.1 Mechanisms of Grammaticalization

2.2.2 Conditions for Syntactic Markers' Emergence

2.2.3 Conceptualization and Grammaticalization

2.3 Typology

2.4 Corpus Investigation

Chapter Three Conceptualizations of ‘Give'(给) Verbs in English and Chinese and Their Effects on Syntactic Constructions

3.1 Differences on Conceptual Structures of Verbs in English and Chinese

3.2 Relevant Concepts and Semantic Features of GIVE

3.3 Two Main Features of Double-Object Constructions in English and Chinese

3.3.1 The Feature of Direction

3.3.2 The Feature of Object Omission

3.4 Syntactic Similarities and Differences of ‘Give'(给) Verbs in Double-Object Constructions in English and Chinese

3.4.1 Similarities

3.4.2 Differences

Chapter Four Differences of English and Chinese ‘Give'(给) Verbs in Conceptualization and Their Influences on Syntactic Markers

4.1 Chinese Gei(给) and English Give as Targets

4.2 The Usages of Gei(给) in Chinese

4.3 A Survey of Beijing Dialect

4.4 The Influence of Conceptualization of English and Chinese ‘Give'(给) Verbs on Grammaticalization

4.4.1 The Influence of Directional Feature in Double-object Construction on Grammaticalization

4.4.2 The tnfluence of Object Omission in Double-object Construction on Grammaticalization

Chapter Five Distinctive Usages of Chinese Gei(给)-from the Perspective of Grammaticalization

5.1 The Emergence of Gei(给)

5.2 Findings after Investigation of the Materials from Classic Works

5.3 Explanation for the Distinctive Grammaticalization Path of English Give

5.3.1 Syntactic Context in which Give Stands

5.3.2 Semantic Basis of Give

Chapter Six A Comparison Between Gei(给) and Song(送)-the Influence of Frequency on Grammaticalization

6.1 Usage of Song(送) in Modem Chinese

6.2 Song(送) in Dialect: a Syntactic Marker

6.3 Syntactic Constructions that Song(送) Frequently Occurs

6.4 The Emergence and Semantic Basis of the Verb Song(送)

Conclusion

Bibliography

Appendix

Acknowledgements