声明
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
摘要
Abstract
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
Acronyms
Chapter One INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction to the Study
1.2 Background to the Study
1.2.1 Key Features of PISA 2012
1.3 Statement of Problem
1.4 Purpose of the Study
1.4.1 Research Questions
1.5 Significance of the Study
1.6 Rationale for choosing Peru and Shanghai-China
1.7 Conceptual Framework for Student and School level Factors
1.8 Education Production Function (EPPF)
1.8.1 International Evidence on Education Production Functions
1.8.2 The Treatment of Endogenous Variables
1.9 Education and Economic Overview in Peru-Latin America and Shanghai-China
1.9.1 Economic Overview of Peru
1.9.2 Economie Overview of China
1.9.3 The Trends in Peru Education System
1.9.4 The Trends in Shanghai-China Education System
Chapter Two REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.2 Studies on Student and School-level Characteristics
2.2.1 Gender Differenees in Math Performance
2.2.2 Presehool Education Attendance
2.2.3 Students’ Family Socioeconomic Status
2.2.4 Math Teaeher-Student Raftio
2.2.5 Quality of School Educational Resources
2.3 Cultural Models of Education
Chapter Three RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Variables for the Study
3.3 Sampling Design and Data Sources
3.4 Hierarchical Linear Modeling(HLM)
3.5 Rationale for using the HLM for the present Research
3.5.1 Aggregation bias
3.5.2 Misestimated standard errors
3.5.3 Heterogeneity of regression
3.6 Data Analysis
3.6.1 Models in the Study
3.7 Steps to be taken to Analyze the Data using HLM
Chapter Four RESULTS
4.1 Sampling Procedure and Data Origin
4.2 lksuits for Pera
4.2.1 Descriptive Staffstics
4.2.2 Unconditional Model
4.2.3 Conditional Model
4.2.4 The Final Model
4.3 Results for the Shanghai
4.3.1 Descriptive Analysis
4.3.2 Unconditional Model
4.3.3 The Conditional Model
4.3.4 The Final Model
4.4 Conclusion
Chapter Five DISCUSSION
5.1.1 Review of Method
5.2 Results
5.2.1 Uneonditional Model
5.2.2 Student Background Model
5.2.3 School Background Model
5.2.4 What are the Differences between the Two Countries?
5.3 Trustworthiness,Reliability and Validity
5.4 Limitations
5.5 Implications
5.6 Future Research
5.7 Recommendations
References
APPENDICES