摘要
Abstract
Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
1．1 Background of the Study
1．2 Significance of the Study
1．3 Organization of the Thesis
Chapter 2 Literature Review
2．1 Definitions of Backwash
2．2 Classifications of Backwash
2．3 Working Mechanisms of Backwash
2．3．1 Alderson and Wall’s Backwash Hypothesis
2．3．2 Hughes’ Trichotomous Model
2．3．3 Bailey’s Model of Backwash
2．3．4 Shih’s Backwash Model of Students’ Learning
2．3．5 Proposals to Promote Beneficial Backwash
2．4 Empirical Studies on Backwash
2．4．1 Major Empirical Studies on Backwash Abroad
2．4．2 Major Empirical Studies on Backwash in China
Chapter 3 Research Design
3．1 Research Questions
3．2 Research Instruments
3．2．1 Questionnaire Survey
3．2．2 Interview
3．3 Research Procedures
3．4 Data Collection
Chapter 4 Results and Analysis
4．1 Results from Questionnaire Survey
4．1．1 Reading Attitude of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading
4．1．2 Reading Objectives of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading
4．1．3 Reading Time Allotment before CET4 of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading
4．1．4 Reading Content of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading
4．1．5 Reading Methods and Strategies of Extra-curricular English Autonomous Reading
4．2 Results from Interviews
4．2．1 Results from Interviewing with the Freshmen
4．2．2 Results from Interviewing with the Sophomores
Chapter 5 Findings and Suggestions
5．1 Major Findings
5．2 Suggestions to Pmmote Positive Backwash of CET-4 Reading Test
5．2．1 Cultivating Extra-curricular English Reading Autonomy and Self-assessment
5．2．2 Giving Prominence to Teachers’ Role in Promoting Positive Backwash
5．2．3 Making Reform of CET-4Test Reading Itself
Chapter 6 Conclusions
6．1 Summary
6．2 Limitations
6．3 Suggestions for Further Research
Appendix 1：Questionnaire
Appendix 2：Interview questions
Bibliography
Acknowledgements
声明
