The development of Ladle Metallurgy has contributed enormously to the quality of steel in the last 20 years in terms of control of steel chemistry through improved alloying techniques and reduction of dissolved elements,as well as better control of inclusion distributions in terms of size,frequency,composition and morphology.In this paper.some of the fundamental aspects relating to refining reactions for hot metal and steel desulphurization,calcium treatment of steel,separation of inclusions to slags,and slag entrainment during teeming as a result of vortexing flows of liquid steel are reviewed.It is shown that mathematical and physical modelling have,and continue to, contribute greatly to our understanding and control of these phenomena.
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