Unsupervised Speaker Adaptation based on the Cosine Similarity for Text-Independent Speaker Verification

摘要

This paper proposes a new approach to unsupervised speaker adaptation inspired by the recent success of the factor analysis-based Total Variability Approach to text-independent speaker verification [1]. This approach effectively represents speaker variability in terms of low-dimensional total factor vectors and, when paired alongside the simplicity of cosine similarity scoring, allows for easy manipulation and efficient computation [2]. The development of our adaptation algorithm is motivated by the desire to have a robust method of setting an adaptation threshold, to minimize the amount of required computation for each adaptation update, and to simplify the associated score normalization procedures where possible. To address the final issue, we propose the Symmetric Normalization (S-norm) method, which takes advantage of the symmetry in cosine similarity scoring and achieves competitive performance to that of the ZT-norm while requiring fewer parameter calculations. In subsequent experiments, we also assess an attempt to replace the use of score normalization procedures altogether with a Normalized Cosine Similarity scoring function [3].rnWe evaluated the performance of our unsupervised speaker adaptation algorithm under various score normalization procedures on the l0sec-l0sec and core conditions of the 2008 NIST SRE dataset. Using results without adaptation as our baseline, it was found that the proposed methods are consistent in successfully improving speaker verification performance to achieve state-of-the-art results.