Methods for analysis of segmental tunnel linings are presented in conformance with standardsrnand guidelines from various countries in Europe, Asia and America. Effect of embedment loads on segments isrnanalyzed using elastic equations, beam-spring model, FEM and DEM. Analysis of segments are studied againstrnload case of jack thrust forces and cross section changes in joints using ACI, DAUB, Iyengar diagram, andrn3D/2D FEM. Resulting forces on segments are used in order to design concrete strength and reinforcement. Bestrnmethods of practice are recommended and fiber reinforcement is presented as one of the latest developmentsrnin segmental lining design.
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