Methods for analysis of segmental tunnel linings are presented in conformance with standards and guidelines from various countries in Europe, Asia and America. Effect of embedment loads on segments is analyzed using elastic equations, beam-spring model, FEM and DEM. Analysis of segments are studied against load case of jack thrust forces and cross section changes in joints using ACI, DAUB, Iyengar diagram, and 3D/2D FEM. Resulting forces on segments are used in order to design concrete strength and reinforcement. Best methods of practice are recommended and fiber reinforcement is presented as one of the latest developments in segmental lining design.
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