Over the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in transitioning from fossil fuel-based transportation to electric vehicles powered either by lithium-ion battery (LIB) or proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell technologies. A hybrid fuel cell-battery power generation system is more attractive than a battery alone, or a fuel cell alone, since a battery is able to meet the high-power requirements during peak demands (e.g. acceleration), while a fuel cell can be used as a range extender. Existing hybrid PEM fuel cell-battery power generation systems consist of separate LIB and PEM fuel cell systems that are coupled together. In this configuration, the hydrogen used to feed the PEM fuel cell is stored on-board in high-pressure tank.
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