Rechargeable Aqueous Lithium Batteries with a Hydro- Quinone Sulfonic Acid Potassium Salt and Benzoquinone Sulfonic Acid Potassium Salt Redox Couple

摘要

The electrical vehicles (EVs) are considered to reduce CO_2 emissions and the consumption of fossil fuels, because the total energy conversion efficiency of batteries is higher than that of internal conversion (IC) engines (1). However, the driving range of the commercialized EVs with the current lithium-ion batteries is considerably lower than that of the vehicles with the IC engines, because the energy density for the lithium-ion battery is low compared with those of the IC engine.