Orthorhombic model building and depth imaging can provide information uplift in several ways over more simplistic kinematic models. For unconventional onshore seismic projects time processed results are typically used to suggest a smooth velocity function to attempt to correctly position events vertically, and an azimuthal correction may be applied to the final image gathers to determine directionality of stresses, and therefore fractures, in the subsurface. By adding a depth orthorhombic model building flow to the end of time processing, both models and imaging results are improved. This leads to more accurate lateral and vertical placement of events, improved image interpretation due to focusing and positioning, and an interpretable suite of models to suggest reservoir characteristics such as fracture density and orientation. Taken together, these improvements make drilling and production decisions less risky and more reliable.
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