For decades,phospholipid monolayers at the aplanara air-water interface of Langmuir trough have been used as model systems for understanding the structure and function of acurveda membranes of biological cells,assuming minimal impacts of curvature even though a curved monolayer-covered interface has additional thermodynamic degrees of freedom compared to the planar interface.Approaches for the biophysical investigation of acurveda cell membranes,like giant unilamellar vesicles and pipette-pulled membrane tubes of controlled radius,also offer only a narrow range of curvature tuning to explore the impact on membrane structure and behavior.
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