Electrical energy storage (EES) technologies that offer both high power and energy densities have motivated interest in redox-active materials for electrochemical supercapacitors. Supercapacitors store electricity through two distinct processes: the non-faradaic processes associated with the electrochemical double layer and faradaic processes arising from electrode-bound reversible redox processes, a phenomenon known as pseudocapacitance. The electrochemical double layer consists of ions adsorbed to an electrode surface in response to an applied potential and is maximized in high surface area electrodes, such as porous carbons. Redox-active groups may be covalently attached or adsorbed onto these electrodes. However, these materials are typically not well defined, which complicates their characterization and rational efforts to improve their performance. Modular and reliable strategies to access high-surface-area electrodes with control over their porosity and surface area, as well as the placement and identity of redox-active groups are desirable.
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