Intercalation, the reversible insertion of a guest species into a host material, forms the basis of many energy applications ranging from super-capacitors and batteries to electrochromic smart windows. Intercalation hosts are generally two-dimensional (2D) layered materials. A 2D material consists of covalently bonded layers one to five atoms thick separated by van der Waals gaps, which can serve as host for intercalant guest atoms. Intercalant concentration in 2D materials is generally limited by the charge of the guest species and the ability of the host to maintain neutral charge balance. The ionic nature of guests requires either a change of the oxidation state of the host or atomic vacancies to maintain charge neutrality. Traditional approaches in intercalation are through electrochemical intercalation or mechanical ball milling. These intercalation routes only intercalate a charged species, thus limiting intercalant concentration.
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机译：嵌入，客人物种进入主机材料的可逆插入，构成了许多从超级电容器和电池到电致变色智能窗口的能量应用的基础。嵌入宿主通常是二维（2D）层状材料。 2D材料由共价键合层组成，其中一至五个由Van der WaaS间隙分离的原子，其可以作为斜液客体原子的宿主。 2D材料中的斜层浓度通常受到访客物种的电荷和宿主维持中性电荷平衡的能力的限制。客人的离子性质需要改变宿主或原子空缺的氧化状态，以保持充电中立。插层中的传统方法是通过电化学插层或机械球磨。这些嵌入路线仅嵌入带电物种，从而限制了斜率浓度。
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