How to regulate distributed generation and renewables(PPT)

摘要

The electricity sector is undergoing profound changes in a very narrow time frame: 1. strong growth of renewable sources in relative and absolute terms (40.3% of total installed in 2014 compared with 22.5% in 1996 and 24% in 2004; 43.1% of total production in 2014 compared to 19.0% in 1996 and 18.4% in 2004) and a consequent reduction in the incidence of fossil fuels, especially fuel oil almost completely unused; 2. strong spread of unpredictable sources in relative and absolute terms (21.8% of the total installed in 2014 compared to 1.3% in 2004; 13.4% of the total production in 2014 against 0.6% in 2004); 3. strong spread of distributed generation (up to 10 MVA) in relative and absolute terms (20% of the total installed in 2014 compared with 4.6% in 2004; 18.6% of the total produced in 2014 compared with 4.7% in 2004; + 4.8 TWh compared to 2013); 4. electricity production from conventional thermal plants is decreasing; 5. new plants using renewable sources are often located in areas with low load: change the electricity flows in the network, making necessary new infrastructure or upgrades of transmission networks; 6. new distributed generation plants are connected to distribution grids, which were not designed to manage the entries, making necessary infrastructural and managerial adjustment; 7. in cases where the widespread production is consumed in sites along the line, on an equal or lower voltage level, the losses of the network can be reduced; 8. in cases where the widespread production is not consumed in sites along the line, on an equal or lower voltage level, the phenomenon of reverse flow occurs (in 2015, 27% of the approximately 4000 sections AT / MT of primary cabins have occurred flow reversals for at least 1% of the hours and, for the 75% of the latter, the flow reversals concerned at least 5% of the hours). This phenomenon leads to an increase in grid losses; 9. consumption of electricity is decreasing, from 319 TWh in 2007 to 291 TWh in 2014, partly as a result of the economic crisis (is expected to increase again in the coming years). Because of this, the relative significance of random sources and distributed generation can grow even more.