Ultraviolet Lamp Efficiencies: Modern Derivation of the Keitz Formula and Other Efficiency Issues

摘要

The accurate measurement of the total UV output from a low pressure (LP) or low pressure high output (LPHO) UV lamp is very important in assessing the energy costs of UV systems. This is a challenging task, since significant errors can arise from UV detector calibration, reflection of UV from surrounding walls, ambient temperature variations, and the ballast performance (Sasges and Robinson, 2005; Severin and Roessler, 1998). The accurate measurement of the UV output of LP or LPHO lamps employs the so-called Keitz method, which is now the basis for a recommended UV Lamp Efficiency Protocol adopted by the International Ultraviolet Association (Lawal et al., 2008).