Advancing Thermal and Carbon Dioxide Recovery Methods beyond their Conventional Limits: Downhole Innovation

摘要

Steam or CO2 injection methods account for most of the oil recovered worldwide with Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. Currently heavy oil production is less than 7% of the world’s oil production; this percentage is not expected to increase dramatically without significant changes in reservoir management. Steam and CO2 have been used successfully since early 1960s -- steam in viscous heavy oils and CO2 mostly in pressurized light oil fields but also in some heavy oil fields. What limits a wider application is depth and high pressure for steam and CO2 availability for the relatively large inventory of light oil fields that exist worldwide. Although there is some overlap in fields that could benefit from either application, there are not many recorded attempts to implement both methods simultaneously. Air injection, although it was tried first as an EOR method, has not been widely implemented as in-situ combustion is difficult to control in shallow reservoirs and especially without water coinjection. The paper describes the benefits that result from operation of a downhole steam generation (DHSG) which combines thermal and nitrogen or CO2 EOR. In addition, by controlling the ratios of steam, excess CO2 and excess O2 (where applicable) it is possible to use in-situ oxidation in a controlled manner and accelerate production of oil. Moreover, the CO2 that is generated by in situ can be used elsewhere. The paper includes discussion of conceptual reservoir simulation and economic studies that demonstrate the applicability of DHSG in deeper warm-climate conventional heavy oil fields, as well as challenging arctic environments. Advances from the aerospace industry that enabled this DHSG system, the surface processing design, and well placement strategies are also discussed in this article. They provide an overview of the entire recovery system and present an opportunity to develop both virgin resources and oil fields that were prolific in primary and secondary operations and are rightfully candidates for EOR.