Penile cancer is rare in developed countries where it comprises 0.4% to 0.6% of all malignancies. However, in certain countries in Asia, Africa, and South America, it may account for up to 10% of all cancers. The incidence of carcinoma of the penis varies according to circumcision practice, hygienic standard, phimosis, number of sexual partners, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, exposure to tobacco products, and other factors. Neonatal circumcision has been well established as a prophylactic measure that virtually eliminates the occurrence of penile carcinoma because it eliminates the closed preputial environment where penile carcinoma develops. In the absence of circumcision, avoidance of phimosis with adequate hygiene and the avoidance of HPV exposure and tobacco products represent viable prevention strategies. In the future, HPV vaccination could play an emerging role with respect to preventing transmission of HPV between males and females, as well as potentially preventing penile cancer.
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