Estimation of rock mass changes induced by hydraulic fracturing and cave mining by double difference passive tomography

机译：用双差无源断层扫描液压压裂和洞穴挖掘诱导岩体变化的估计

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Double difference (DD) passive seismic tomography was employed at the Ridgeway Deeps block cave project to identify the magnitude and extent of preconditioning due to hydraulic fracturing and to identify zones of damage and increased stress during the undercutting and early stages of caving. This was done by identifying zones of decreased seismic velocity over the period corresponding to the preconditioning project and cave initiation. The data obtained was used in parallel with numerical model calibration studies to improve understanding of the relationship between velocity changes, stress and damage and also to quantify the effectiveness of a preconditioning campaign.

机译：双差（DD）被动地震层析术在Ridgeway Beeps Block Cave项目中采用，识别由于液压压裂引起的预处理的幅度和程度，并识别损坏过程中的损坏区域和塌陷期间的应力增加。这是通过识别与预处理项目和洞穴启动对应的时段下降的降低的地震速度的区域来完成的。获得的数据与数值模型校准研究并行使用，以改善对速度变化，压力和损坏之间关系的理解，以及量化预处理运动的有效性。

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《International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving》|2010年||共8页
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M.J. Pfitzner; E. Westman; M. Morgan;
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1. Passive seismic tomography for three-dimensional time-lapse imaging of mining-induced rock mass changes [J] . Erik Westman, K. Luxbacher, S. Schafrik The Leading Edge . 2012,第3期

机译：被动地震层析成像技术，用于采矿引起的岩体变化的三维延时成像
2. Estimation of REV size and three-dimensional hydraulic conductivity tensor for a fractured rock mass through a single well packer test and discrete fracture fluid flow modeling [J] . M. Wang, P. H. S. W. Kulatilake, J. Um International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences . 2002,第7期

机译：通过单井封隔器测试和离散裂缝流体流动模型估算裂隙岩体的REV大小和三维水力传导率张量
3. Estimation of radon diffusivity tensor for fractured rocks in cave mines using a discrete fracture network model [J] . K.M. Ajayi, K. Shahbazi, P. Tukkaraja, Journal of Environmental Radioactivity . 2019,第JANa期

机译：离散裂隙网络模型估算溶洞中裂隙岩石的ra扩散张量
4. Estimation of rock mass changes induced by hydraulic fracturing and cave mining by double difference passive tomography [C] . M.J. Pfitzner, E. Westman, M. Morgan International Symposium on Block and Sublevel Caving . 2010

机译：用双差无源断层扫描液压压裂和洞穴挖掘诱导岩体变化的估计
5. Using radar tomography, tracer experiments and hydraulic data to characterize fractured rock flow systems. [D] . Day-Lewis, Frederick David. 2001

机译：使用雷达层析成像，示踪剂实验和水力数据来表征裂隙岩流系统。
6. Prediction of the caved rock zones’ scope induced by caving mining method [O] . Fengyu Ren, Yang Liu, Jianli Cao, 2012

机译：崩落采矿法诱发塌陷岩带范围的预测
7. : "This paper deals with the functionality of the flaked stone assemblages from several Neolithic sites of the NE of the Iberian Peninsula. The chronological framework ranges from the mid-6th to the mid-4th millennium cal. BCE, which corresponds to the Early and Middle Neolithic. This long period ranges from the arrival of the first farming communities in the Iberian Peninsula, around 5600-5500 cal. BCE, to 3600-3500 cal. BCE, two millennia later, when Neolithic communities had stably occupied most of the available territory, from the mountainous areas of the Pyrenees to the coastal areas of the Mediterranean.In this context, the NE of the Iberian Peninsula is one of the areas where a major number of use-wear analyses have been carried out, especially for what concerns the Neolithic period. This is mainly due to the interest shown by the directors of the excavations and by the Spanish use-wear specialists as well; both participated and cooperated in order to enlarge the number of contexts studied, making the NE of the Iberian Peninsula one of the areas of Europe with the largest number of ‘functional studies’. As a result, today we have a reliable picture of the type of lithic tools used by the first farming groups, how they were used, and which needs they were satisfying.The methodology employed for this type of analysis is today broadly shared by most use-wear specialists. A stereoscopic microscope is used together with a reflected-light microscope for the analysis of the archaeological specimens. Afterwards, the observed use-wear traces are compared with the traces from experimental tools. This study primarily made use of the tools preserved at the ‘Traceoteque’ of the Institución Milà y Fontanals of the CSIC of Barcelona.This paper presents the results obtained for the different types of analysed sites and the relative lithic assemblages. In this way, tools from different contexts are compared: open-air sites, caves and rock-shelters, pit-sites, burials, and mining sites. Such a diversity of contexts allowed for the exploration of the existence of recurrences and differences in the functionality of the lithic tools from one site to another. The results obtained have also provided information on some aspects related to the economic processes carried out at the different sites, caves, rock-shelters and open-air contexts. It has been possible to gain fresh data on the types of tasks carried out and their relative importance for each site, their relation with the geographical and environmental context and the natural resources available there. In addition, analysing tools recovered from burials – mainly individual inhumations – provided information on the relationships between the buried individuals and the working tools, in particular exploring the relationships between sex and age patterns and the types of tools deposited as goods.In conclusion, use-wear analysis allowed for the exploration of a variety of issues; from technical aspects related to the production and management of the lithic resources to social aspects related to the subsistence activities and the individuals that carried them out." [O] . Gibaja Bao, Juan Francisco, Mazzucco, Niccolo 2015

机译：：“本文研究了伊比利亚半岛东北部几个新石器时代遗址的片状石材组合的功能。时间框架从公元前6世纪中叶到4世纪中叶，分别对应于早期和早期。新石器时代中期，这段时间的长短是从伊比利亚半岛的第一个农业社区到来，大约在公元前5600-5500 cal，到了两千年后的3600-3500 BCE，当时新石器时代的社区稳定地占据了大部分可用土地。从比利牛斯山脉山区到地中海沿岸地区。在这种情况下，伊比利亚半岛东北部是进行过大量使用磨损分析的地区之一，尤其是在关注方面新石器时代，这主要是由于发掘负责人和西班牙使用服装专家表现出的浓厚兴趣；他们参与和合作以扩大孔蒂的数量xts进行了研究，使伊比利亚半岛的NE成为“功能研究”数量最多的欧洲地区之一。结果，今天我们可以可靠地了解第一批耕作小组使用的石器工具的类型，使用方法以及它们满足的需求。今天，大多数使用方法广泛共享用于这种类型的分析的方法穿专家。立体显微镜与反射光显微镜一起用于分析考古样本。然后，将观察到的使用磨损痕迹与实验工具的痕迹进行比较。这项研究主要利用了巴塞罗那CSIC的米拉·丰塔纳尔研究所的“ Traceoteque”中保存的工具。本文介绍了针对不同类型的分析地点和相对石器组合所获得的结果。通过这种方式，可以比较来自不同环境的工具：露天场所，洞穴和岩石避难所，露天场所，埋葬场所和采矿场所。如此多样的上下文允许探索重复性的存在以及从一个站点到另一个站点的石器工具的功能差异。所获得的结果还提供了与在不同地点，洞穴，避难所和露天环境中进行的经济过程有关的某些方面的信息。可以获得有关所执行任务的类型及其对每个站点的相对重要性，它们与地理和环境环境以及那里可用自然资源的关系的新数据。此外，对从墓葬中回收的工具（主要是个人遗体）进行分析，可提供有关被掩埋的个体与工作工具之间关系的信息，尤其是探索性别与年龄模式之间的关系以及作为商品存放的工具的类型。磨损分析允许探索各种问题；从与石器资源的生产和管理有关的技术方面到与自给活动及其实施者有关的社会方面。”

Estimation of rock mass changes induced by hydraulic fracturing and cave mining by double difference passive tomography

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