State of the Art of the Development and Application of Anti-Seismic Systems in Europe and Other Countries

摘要

There are already approximately 5,000 structures in the world, located in over 30 countries, that have been protected by seismic isolation (SI), energy dissipation (ED) and other modern seismic vibration passive control (SVPC) systems. The number of such applications is increasing everywhere more and more. It has been confirmed that, in each country, the extension of the use of the SVPC systems is conclusively influenced by earthquake experience, the availability of specific design rules and the features of those adopted. With regard to application, Japan has consolidated its worldwide leadership, with over 3,000 seismically isolated buildings, many others protected by ED systems and several isolated bridges & viaducts. Second is now the P. R. China, with 610 isolated buildings and 45 with dampers, in addition to numerous isolated bridges & viaducts. The Russian Federation is third for the number of isolated buildings, which are approximately 600. In the USA, due to the very penalizing design code in force for SI of buildings, there are at present only a few new applications of this kind (an overall number of approximately 200 was reported), although the US isolated buildings are mostly quite important, half being retrofits; on the contrary, the use of SI for bridges & viaducts and that of ED for buildings are more popular in the USA. At present (April 2008), Italy (which remains the worldwide leader as regards the application of the SVPC systems to cultural heritage and keeps a key role also as to the number and importance of bridges & viaducts protected by such systems) is at the fifth place, at least for the number of isolated buildings already open to activity: they are 51, besides others protected by other SVPC systems. There, thanks to the new national seismic code (enforced in May 2003), there has been a significant recent increase of building application and design of the SVPC systems. With regard to the use of such systems in other countries, Italy is now followed by Taiwan, France (including its Martinique island), New Zealand and Armenia. In addition, significant applications also concern: Canada in North America; Mexico in Central America; Chile and Venezuela in South America; Turkey, South Korea and Indonesia in Asia; and Greece, Cyprus, Portugal and Macedonia in Europe. More recently, the installation of the aforesaid systems also began in further countries, such as Argentina, Israel, India and Iran. Devices manufactured in Italy have been frequently used even abroad. Finally, to be stressed are the somewhat increasing use of SI in nuclear and high risk chemical plants (e.g. the liquefied natural gas tanks) and the already significant application of the SVPC systems to cultural heritage, in particular in Italy.