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Environmental impact of port construction: Port of Sillamae case study (Gulf of Finlad, Baltic Sea)

机译:港口建设的环境影响:Sillamae案例研究(芬兰湾,波罗的海)

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The aim of the study was to assess and map the location and status of environmentally sensitive areas (valuable marine habitats) near the Port of Sillamae, and to assess the potential impacts from the dredging and disposal operations on the local marine ecology (especially on valuable habitats). The observations and field measurements were carried out there since the time when the dumping site of radioactive substances from the former uranium enrichment plant at Sillamae was in use. The rate of erosion of the narrow separating dam of the dumping site and the velocities of accumulation of shore sediment were assessed in this study. The monitoring of seashore dynamics in recent years has been focused on an area east of the port. While being an attractive recreation area for the local people, that area is characterized by active natural processes. Repetitive measurements are carried out with the aim of monitoring the impact of the port on shore processes, particularly on increasing erosion of the shores. The most recent investigations since 2004 have not revealed any direct impact of the port facilities on shore dynamics. At the same time, changes caused by extremely strong storms of January 2005 or of winter 2006-2007 are evident. Over the last 30 years, the average freezing date has shifted from December to January and ice break-up begins earlier. As a result, the ice-free period, when wave action can freely access the coast, gets gradually longer, and it happens mainly on account of more stormy autumn and winter months. Dredging and disposal operations may have either direct (removal or burial) or/and indirect effects (enhanced turbidity and sedimentation rates, and changes in hydrographic regime) on benthic invertebrates. Thus, the magnitude and direction of the effects depend on the processes involved. The data obtained before, during and after dredging and disposal revealed the re-establishment of directly affected communities following a year after the cessation of disturbance. The results of special monitoring program concluded that the environmental impact of the dredging operations on the benthic communities was minimal to moderate. Using the results of hydrodynamic modeling of the area at the Port of Sillamae, the behavior of suspended sediment plumes from dredging and disposal of concrete material was modeled using FRESCO high resolution, σcoordinate, non-hydrostatic, baroclinic model system. Wind waves are calculated by narrow directional approximation model and the turbulent mixing based on the k-ω turbulence closer model. Numerical experiments have been performed for four nested marine basins with different space resolution. In the highest resolution nested domain the horizontal grid size was approximately 1/10 of nautical miles. Modeling results included spatial information on suspended sediment concentrations and sedimentation rates.
机译:该研究的目的是评估和映射在Sillamae港口附近的环境敏感地区(有价值的海洋栖息地)的位置和地位,并评估疏浚和处置行动的潜在影响,并在当地海洋生态学(特别是有价值)栖息地)。自从来自Sillamae在Sillamae的前铀富集植物的放射性物质倾销部位正在使用的时间以来,在那里进行了观察和现场测量。本研究评估了倾倒场地狭窄分离坝的腐蚀速率和岸深沉淀的积累速度。近年来海滨动力学的监测集中在港口以东的一个地区。虽然是当地人民的有吸引力的娱乐区,但该区域的特点是有源自然过程。重复测量是为了监测端口对岸边工艺的影响,特别是在增加海岸的侵蚀方面。自2004年以来最近的调查尚未透露任何直接影响港口设施对岸上动态的直接影响。与此同时,2005年1月或2006-2007冬季非常强烈的风暴造成的变化是显而易见的。在过去的30年里,平均冷冻日期从12月到1月转移到1月份,而且冰分裂早些时候开始。因此,无冰的时期,当波浪动作可以自由地进入海岸时,逐渐变长,它主要是由于更浪漫的秋季和冬季的秋季。释放和处置运营可能具有直接(移除或埋葬)或/和间接影响(增强浊度和沉降率,以及水文制度的变化)在底栖无脊椎动物上。因此,效果的幅度和方向取决于所涉及的过程。在疏浚和处置期间,期间和之后获得的数据显示在停止干扰后一年后重新建立直接受影响的社区。特殊监测计划的结果得出结论,疏浚业务对底栖社区的环境影响最小,以至于中等。利用SillaMae港口的地区的流体动力学建模结果,使用壁画高分辨率,Σ坐标,非静液压,双冠状模型系统建模悬浮沉积物羽毛从疏浚和处理混凝土材料的行为。通过窄方向近似模型和基于K-ω湍流更近模型的湍流混合来计算风波。已经对具有不同空间分辨率的四个嵌套海洋盆地进行了数值实验。在最高分辨率嵌套域中,水平网格尺寸约为海里的1/10。建模结果包括有关悬浮沉积物浓度和沉积率的空间信息。

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