Growth of Nanowhiskers of Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Cu, Ag, and Au by High-temperature Glancing Angle Deposition

摘要

In this experiment, we demonstrate the high-temperature glancing angle deposition (HT-GLAD) of metals. Whiskers of Cu, Ag, Au, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, and Al, grow on substrates of SiO_2. Deposition at the glancing angle and at temperatures higher than one-third of the melting point is crucial for the growth of nanowhiskers. Deposition on surfaces with systematically controlled roughness indicates that the surface diffusion of adatoms on the substrate surface is not important for the growth of nanowhiskers and that the atoms are mainly supplied from the vapor directly or from reflection on the surface in front of the growing nanowhiskers. The kinetic growth model that takes into account the GLAD and the reflection agrees with the experimental results.