PAIN MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS AND PAIN-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIORS IN REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS

摘要

Veterinarians that treat exotic species are becoming more aware of the need for analgesia, however, analgesics are often not provided or considered in primary treatment for reptiles and amphibians. These species have the neurologic components, antinociceptive mechanisms and behavioral responses to pain that are similar to those seen in domestic animals and humans. Preemptive analgesia, multimodal therapy and contraindications for use of certain analgesics are addressed as well as behaviors and disease processes that can be associated.with pain in reptiles and amphibians.