The past century saw considerable progress in instrumentation, equipment and vehicle development that not only allowed humans to study the oceans from the surface, but also with limited presence below the surface. However, the century ended without universal cost effective utilization of these undersea technologies to study biological resources important to human survival. The essential characteristics, demography and dynamics of secondary and tertiary ocean productivity is still a mystery as most technology assisted research emphasis has gone to primary productivity, geology and physical oceanography.
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