It is a privilege to be able to present a paper to this audience on behalf of the Institute of Metals. The Institute is proud to have been associated with the Korean Institute of Metals in the organisation of the conference. I would like to add my own words of welcome to all the participants here, and of thanks to our hosts in Pohang. My own career in the steel industry has included 20 years in a large integrated works producing flat products, 13 most recent years in the engineering design and operations of mini-mills, and 8 years in between associated with the performance of both. Preparing this paper has been an interesting opportunity to look ahead to future developments. In so doing, however, I have also had to look back a little to the growth of mini-mills. It will not be surprising to know that I soon reached the same conclusion that was reached in The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam -^s"The moving finger writes? and having writ, moves on".
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