Avian radiography presents a unique set of challenges. Even the smallest patients can be safely radiographed with appropriate restraint and positioning. Bird bones are thinner, sometimes pneumatic (air-filled), and the body cavity itself is lined by air sacs. Although the air sacs can improve visualization of some organs, the close proximity of the viscera to each other can make identification of individual organs difficult, and even the slightest motion artifact can complicate interpretation. Familiarity with normal anatomy is the basis for radiographic interpretation in any species.
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