Transport represents one of the highest contributing sources of oil use,pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions and therefore many countries and cities are investigating how to direct abatement activities into that sector.Some cities,like Paris,Madrid,Hamburg and Chengdu,are undertaking restrictive policies such as bans on internal combustion engine(ICE cars)and pedestrian zones and other policies that reduce driving.Several countries are considering national bans on new sales of ICE engine cars by 2040.We consider the literature on proposed policies to shift urban transport modes away from use of cars in urban regions.We then,with our own modeling,estimate the potential impacts of a combination of policies being put into practice to contribute to a peaking in oil demand.We find that combined,national level car bans,urban zone bans,and modal shift policies could contribute significantly to leveling off oil demand trends compared to a business as usual.Subtracting for any overlap in impact,if applied widely around the world,these combined policies could cut oil use by over 9 mmB/D by 2050.The resultant lessening of oil use would save 0.66 gigatons in CO2 emissions by 2050,compared to a"baseline"type scenario.
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