The resistance of vitreous porcelain enamels to chippage, crazing, and fracture needs to be optimal for a wide range of applications. Experimentation was done to characterize the fundamental properties of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity (Young's modulus) to provide inputs for finite element analysis (FEA) modeling of multi-coat enamels on actual ware. Results of strain-to-failure testing confirmed that the three variables most strongly affecting coating durability were the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the enamel and steel, the Young's modulus of the enamel, and the thickness of the coating. The experimental results were used to generate FEA models to estimate the residual compressive stress state. These simulations allow the validity of standard models for thermal stresses in enamels on steel to be assessed as well as optimizing the enamel durability and facilitating the design of enameled ware.
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