Many bottom linings of refractory structures used in steel making industry are made of masonries with or without mortar. Several designs are possible: parallel, fish bone or radial. To compare the influence of these designs on the maximum stresses in the steel shell, the masonry with dry joints was modelled by a homogeneous equivalent material that takes into account the possibility of joint closure. The thermo-mechanical properties of this equivalent material were determined using a periodic homogenization method. They depend on the joint states (open or closed in the two directions). The use of this equivalent material for the bottom lining of a steel ladle has shown that the design that minimizes the stresses in the steel shell is the radial design.
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