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OFFSHORE WIND FARM CONSTRUCTION; EASIER, SAFER AND MORE COST EFFECTIVE

机译:离岸风电场建设;更容易,更安全,更具成本效益

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Converting wind energy into a useful form of energy is one of the fastest growing alternative sources of energy in the present and foreseeable future. At the end of 2009, worldwide nameplate capacity of wind-powered generators was 159 gigawatts (GW). Energy production at onshore, near shore and offshore locations was 340 TWh, which is about 2% of worldwide electricity usage, and has doubled in the past three years and will continue to grow substantially. This growth comprises not only more wind farms, but wind mills with more capacity as well [1-3]. To achieve this growth, (heavy) lift companies and offshore contractors meet various challenges. Since primary cost for producing wind energy is construction, with up to 10 lifts per wind mill, a very competitive environment has been created in which efficient logistic and lifting operations, flexibility, avoiding damage to loads and safety are paramount [4,5]. Appropriate lifting gear provides an essential tool to meet these challenges; especially at offshore locations. Currently, steel wire ropes and grommets are extensively being used as lifting gear during the construction of wind farms, with its low cost being the key driver. But its weight together with the risk for damage to loads and injuries to operators are serious concerns. Synthetic slings, especially those made from polyester fiber, have gained popularity as a way to overcome these concerns. But, such slings are very sensitive to damage, hence its value and risk-avoidance is more and more being questioned; especially considering currently applicable legislation such as the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC [6]. With the introduction of high performance fibers, such as Dyneema (Ultra-High Molecular Polyethylene (UHMwPE) fiber), not "just another synthetic fiber" has been introduced. The use of this UHMwPE fiber in protective sleeves and load bearing constructions holds the characteristics to overcome the concerns of the traditional materials as it has been proven by well-respected lifting companies. Since durability of a synthetic sling is largely determined by the performance of the protective sleeves, this paper comprehensively presents the abrasion, cut and tear resistance improvement created by sleeves made with fibers such as Dyneema. In combination with its functionality in load bearing constructions and the key elements of the European Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC, this paper proves that Ultralift roundslings made with Dyneema provide not only safer and easier but also more cost effective construction (logistics and lifting) operations. So, slings made with Dyneema have been entrusted to meet the lifting challenges of today and tomorrow.
机译:将风能转化为有用形式的能量是现在和可预见的未来中增长最快的替代能源来源之一。在2009年底,全球风力发电机的铭牌容量为159千兆瓦(GW)。陆上的能源生产,靠近岸边和近海地点为340 TWH,占全球电力使用率约为2%,在过去三年中翻了一番,并将继续大幅发展。这种增长不仅包括更多的风电场,而且还包括更容量的风车[1-3]。为了实现这一增长,(重)升降公司和海上承包商迎接各种挑战。由于生产风能的主要成本是建造的,因此每次挡风机最多可升降10个升降机,因此创建了一个非常有竞争力的环境,其中有效的物流和提升操作,灵活性,避免损坏负载和安全性是至关重要的[4,5]。适当的起重装置提供了满足这些挑战的必备工具;特别是在离岸地点。目前,钢丝绳和索环在风电场建造期间被广泛用作提升齿轮,其成本低成为关键驾驶员。但它的重量与损坏负荷和运营商伤害的风险是严重的担忧。合成吊索,尤其是由聚酯纤维制成的吊索,作为克服这些问题的方式获得了普及。但是,这种吊索对损坏非常敏感,因此其价值和风险避免越来越受到质疑;特别是考虑目前适用的立法,如欧洲机械指令2006/42 / EC [6]。随着高性能纤维的引入,如Dyneema(超高分子聚乙烯(UHMWPE)纤维),而不是“只是另一种合成纤维”。使用这种UHMWPE纤维在保护套管和承重结构中的特点是克服传统材料的担忧,因为备受尊敬的提升公司已被证明。由于合成吊索的耐久性主要由保护套的性能决定,因此本文全面地呈现出用纤维制成的纤维(如Dyneema)产生的磨损,切割和撕裂性改善。结合其在负载轴承结构中的功能和欧洲机械指令2006/42 / EC的关键元素,证明了用Dyneema制造的超级循环不仅提供更安全,更容易,而且还具有更具成本效益的建筑(物流和提升)操作。因此,用Deneema制造的吊索被委托以满足今天和明天的提升挑战。

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