There is a wide variation in Al resistance between species and varieties within a species in gramineous crops. Recently, we found that some transporters are involved in Al resistance in these crops. HvAACT1 is an Al-activated citrate transporter identified in Al-resistant cultivar of barley. It belongs to MATE family and transports citrate, but not malate. The HvAACT1 is mainly expressed in the roots and the expression is not induced by Al. There is a good correlation between the expression level of HvAACT1 and Al-induced citrate secretion. On the other hand, we identified two genes (Als1 and Als3) encoding an ABC transporter involved in high Al-resistance in rice. These two genes are also mainly expressed in the roots, but the expression levels were up-regulated by Al.
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