THE PREVALENCE EFFECTS OF CANINE CARDIO-RENAL-ANEMIA SYNDROME

摘要

Human congestive heart failure (CHF) and human chronic kidney disease (CKD) often deteriorate to become terminal conditions despite advanced and even optimal medical care. Many patients with one of these conditions also develop the other: Sixty four percent of CKD patients were also diagnosed with CHF of moderate-to-severe magnitude, while 41% of CHF patients were found to have CKD, defined as having a serum creatinine concentration of > 1.5 mg/dl Anemia is one of the more prevalent disturbances common to these two disease entities. Congestive heart failure carries the risk of either triggering or exacerbating either anemia or CKD. Similarly, CKD patients are at risk of developing either CHF or anemia. A positive feedback process may, therefor develop where all three disease entities exacerbate each other and compromise both patient well-being and the ability of care givers, stabilize his/her condition. This scenario has been termed the cardio-renal-anemia syndrome (CRAS). Anemia was found to be present in 40% of CKD patients who had CHF of various severities, while the incidence of anemia among those who only had CHF with no evidence of CKD was 15-61%, depending on the definition of anemia and on blood sampling technique.