Target-Site Resistance to Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Brown Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens

摘要

28.1 Introduction Neonicotinoid insecticides (Figure 1) are potent selective agonists of insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and are used extensively for both crop protection and animal health applications. The use of neonicotinoids has grown considerably in recent years and annual worldwide sales are currently estimated to be approximately one billion US dollars [1-2]. Since the introduction of the first neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) in 1991, resistance has been slow to develop, but is now established in some insect field populations and is a major worldwide threat to the effective control of insect pests [3]. For several major insecticide classes (including organophosphates, carbamates, and pyrethroids), both target-site modifications and enhanced detoxification have been identified as being important resistance mechanisms. However, in most cases where mechanisms of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides have been resolved, resistance has been attributed to enhanced oxidative detoxification of neonicotinoids by overexpression of mono-oxygenase enzymes [3].