The impressive functionality of natural systems such as the camouflage skin of a cuttlefish, morphing wings of an eagle, structural adaptation of a mammalian bone or the Banyan tree, or the many sensor modalities in the human skin are enabled by tight integration of sensing, actuation, computation and communication in these systems. Figure 1 shows schematic drawings of some of these natural systems, illustrating how function arises from sensors, actuators, nerves and vascular systems being co-located.
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